I think (A) is wrong due to false comparison, but I'm not sure that is what tommywallach said.
The false comparison, seems to me, is while the child psychologists are comparing self-esteem in the same child, the author is, however, comparing self-esteem in different children.
The psychologists say that practice will damage the children's self-esteem and make them less confident as adults. It is comparing the "before and after" of using that practice, in the same child.
However, the author is comparing children who are raised and who are not raised under that practice. He is comparing two different groups of children. They are not the same thing. The psychologists can refute him by saying: but if those children weren't put under that practice, they would have become more confident today!
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Re: Q11 - Historian: One traditional childrearing
I picked A at first, but now I make out why A is wrong.
Many child psychologists: traditional practice → damage self-esteem → less confident as an adult
However, according to the last sentence, adults raised under the traditional practice were, on the average, as confident as adults not so raised, which conflicts with child psychologists's opinion.
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So child psychologists must be wrong, but we don't know which part is wrong (traditional practice → damage self-esteem OR damage self-esteem → less confident as an adult OR both).
(A) points out that child psychologists are wrong about the consequences of loss of self-esteem (damage self-esteem → less confident as an adult), but it actually cannot be inferred from the stimulus, because either part (traditional practice → damage self-esteem OR damage self-esteem → less confident as an adult) can be wrong.
While (E) says, under the condition that (damage self-esteem → less confident as an adult) is true, then there is must something wrong with (damage self-esteem → less confident as an adult), which is definitely correct.
Many child psychologists: traditional practice → damage self-esteem → less confident as an adult
However, according to the last sentence, adults raised under the traditional practice were, on the average, as confident as adults not so raised, which conflicts with child psychologists's opinion.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
So child psychologists must be wrong, but we don't know which part is wrong (traditional practice → damage self-esteem OR damage self-esteem → less confident as an adult OR both).
(A) points out that child psychologists are wrong about the consequences of loss of self-esteem (damage self-esteem → less confident as an adult), but it actually cannot be inferred from the stimulus, because either part (traditional practice → damage self-esteem OR damage self-esteem → less confident as an adult) can be wrong.
While (E) says, under the condition that (damage self-esteem → less confident as an adult) is true, then there is must something wrong with (damage self-esteem → less confident as an adult), which is definitely correct.