Dear Ron how do u know that choice d: - present participle ('restraining') improperly signals ongoing CURRENT action that's the purpose of using a participial modifier ('restraining...') to open a clause like the one here. analogy: hoping to thwart widespread counterfeiting, the country's governmen...

"To be" verbs are forms of "to be". E.g., is, are, was, were, had been, will be, and so on. My brother is taller than I have ever been . "To do" means do, does, did, has done, have done, and so on. These forms can correspond to action verbs, provided that you're talkin...

Yeah, but it doesn't say what they were in the timeframe of the sentence . E.g., In 1980, the construction firm Glass & Associates built what would later become our company's headquarters . —> In 1980, when the building was built, it was NOT our company's headquarters. What was it back then?...