Red Shift

[rohit21384]

Source -own
I have a doubt in a question from OG-10. I know that we cannot discuss OG question here, so below I have produced modified version of that question.

In modern Science, the term "yellow shift" denotes the extent to which light from a distant star has been shifted toward the yellow end of the light spectrum by the rapid motion of the star away from the Earth.
Option 1 : to which light from a distant star has been shifted
Option 2: of the shift of light from a distant star

In option 2 - there is no verb to express the action performed by the rapid motion
. But I don't understand why this will make this option 2 wrong.

Option 2 is similar to following sentences:
1) structural damage by earthquakes
2) Global Warming by The Greenhouse Effect
3) extent of the shift of tectonic plates by tsunami

Without the action verb - caused - will above sentences be incorrect ?
Is verb necessary to show cause-effect relationship ?

[rohit21384]

Source -own
I have a doubt in a question from OG-10. I know that we cannot discuss OG question here, so below I have produced modified version of that question.

In modern Science, the term "yellow shift" denotes the extent to which light from a distant star has been shifted toward the yellow end of the light spectrum by the rapid motion of the star away from the Earth.
Option 1 : to which light from a distant star has been shifted
Option 2: of the shift of light from a distant star

I have undertsood why Option -2 is wrong.

Option 2 in active form would be as below:

the rapid motion of the star away from the Earth (caused) shift of light from a distant star toward the yellow end of the light spectrum.
Hence, without verb - caused- the sentence will be fragmented.

[RonPurewal]

Source -own
I have a doubt in a question from OG-10. I know that we cannot discuss OG question here, so below I have produced modified version of that question.

In modern Science, the term "yellow shift" denotes the extent to which light from a distant star has been shifted toward the yellow end of the light spectrum by the rapid motion of the star away from the Earth.
Option 1 : to which light from a distant star has been shifted
Option 2: of the shift of light from a distant star

In option 2 - there is no verb to express the action performed by the rapid motion
. But I don't understand why this will make this option 2 wrong.

Option 2 is similar to following sentences:
1) structural damage by earthquakes
2) Global Warming by The Greenhouse Effect
3) extent of the shift of tectonic plates by tsunami

Without the action verb - caused - will above sentences be incorrect ?
Is verb necessary to show cause-effect relationship ?

i'm pretty sure that the construction "X of Y of Z" is always considered fatally awkward on the gmat.
so, "extent of the shift of light" ... not acceptable.

(note that it's ok to have two "of"s in a parallel structure: for instance, "the economies of X and of Y" would be perfectly acceptable. it's only "X of Y of Z" that you can automatically kick out.)

--

also, you shouldn't use "by", in this sense, without a passive voice construction.
"extent to which light has been shifted by" is a passive voice construction.