United States Senator Daniel Inouye..

[mailtopriyanka1]

United States Senator Daniel Inouye was appointed to several posts within the democratic party during his first term, that included assistant majority whip and vice-chair of Democratic Senatorial Committee.


a) that included
b) which includes
c) including
d) some of which were
e) among them being

Although the OA is (c)..i do not find anything wrong with option (a)

[akhp77]

A - it modify first term rather than post, can't use comma before that
B - it modify first term rather than post
C - Correctly used comma + ing set up
D - This is not run on sentence and is incorrect because of same reason as in B
E - Creates run on sentence, being is wordy, and verb is missing

[tim]

In general, when you are using "that" as a relative pronoun to introduce a modifying clause, you should keep these two things in mind:

1) "that" won't be preceded by a comma
2) "that" will refer to the preceding noun

Either of these is reason to discard A as an answer choice..

[liu1993918]

i think "including" is "comma + ing". including should apply to the preceding sentence and it Applies to the subject of that clause.
But i am also concernd that including should modify posts.
i don't undertand why.
Appreciate your kind response.

[RonPurewal]

important:
If used to introduce a partial list of something, "INCLUDING" should NOT be considered an "__ing modifier".
In fact, you should think of the word "including", in these contexts, as though it didn't end with "-ing" at all.

comma + "including"...
...elaborates on a NOUN that comes before it (possibly a noun + modifiers);
AND
...is followed by only SOME, NOT ALL, of what that noun encompasses.

E.g.,

In gym class we performed ten different body-weight exercises, including push-ups, pull-ups, and planks.

In gym class we performed ten different exercises from the Presidential fitness test, including push-ups, pull-ups, and planks.

In gym class we performed ten different body-weight exercises, three of which were push-ups, pull-ups, and planks.

...these three sentences work in the same way.

[liu1993918]

thank you so much!

[RonPurewal]

Sure.

[liu1993918]

i have another question.
how "including" modifies "posts", because i thought "including" should just modify the preceding nouns. Besides, the exceptions to the touch rule can't apply to this questions.
thanks in advance

[RonPurewal]

i have another question.
how "including" modifies "posts", because i thought "including" should just modify the preceding nouns. Besides, the exceptions to the touch rule can't apply to this questions.
thanks in advance

The "touch rule" is a guideline, but, if you think about it for a moment, you should quickly realize that it's not always possible to put modifiers DIRECTLY on the words they're describing. Really, "as close as possible""”not necessarily literal "touch""”is the principle here.

Here, it should be clear that "posts within the Democratic party" must remain in one piece. If that phrase is broken up, it loses its meaning.

I am, however, surprised that "during his first term" isn't moved to the front of the sentence. (During his first term, Inouye was...)
Hmm. Does anyone have a screen shot?

[advanceX667]

Hi Ron,
I still have some doubt about choice D. Admittedly, there are two nouns'democratic party '&'first term' before which. But both of them are in singular form and cannot be modified by ' some of which were'. I remember that u mentioned that 'which' should modify the first noun it can modify. Would u pls clarify Why this rule cannot be applied to this question. Thanks u in advance.

[RonPurewal]

Hi Ron,
I still have some doubt about choice D. Admittedly, there are two nouns'democratic party '&'first term' before which. But both of them are in singular form and cannot be modified by ' some of which were'. I remember that u mentioned that 'which' should modify the first noun it can modify. Would u pls clarify Why this rule cannot be applied to this question. Thanks u in advance.

"Which" can ONLY modify
• NOUN
or
• NOUN+preposition+NOUN

The intended noun is not either of these, so "which" doesn't work.

[BobW599]

Hi Ron,
I still have some doubt about choice D. Admittedly, there are two nouns'democratic party '&'first term' before which. But both of them are in singular form and cannot be modified by ' some of which were'. I remember that u mentioned that 'which' should modify the first noun it can modify. Would u pls clarify Why this rule cannot be applied to this question. Thanks u in advance.

"Which" can ONLY modify
• NOUN
or
• NOUN+preposition+NOUN

The intended noun is not either of these, so "which" doesn't work.

Hi Ron,

I'm confused about your explanation here.
"several posts within the democratic party"is a NOUN+preposition+NOUN.
And it is the first eligible noun that's closest to the comma.

Could u pls clarify it for me?

Thanks in advance!!!

[jnelson0612]

Hi Ron,
I still have some doubt about choice D. Admittedly, there are two nouns'democratic party '&'first term' before which. But both of them are in singular form and cannot be modified by ' some of which were'. I remember that u mentioned that 'which' should modify the first noun it can modify. Would u pls clarify Why this rule cannot be applied to this question. Thanks u in advance.

"Which" can ONLY modify
• NOUN
or
• NOUN+preposition+NOUN

The intended noun is not either of these, so "which" doesn't work.

Hi Ron,

I'm confused about your explanation here.
"several posts within the democratic party"is a NOUN+preposition+NOUN.
And it is the first eligible noun that's closest to the comma.

Could u pls clarify it for me?

Thanks in advance!!!

Wait, but "during his first term" comes after the phrase you referenced. Thus, the "which" modifying phrase is incorrectly modifying the "term". Does that help?

[BobW599]

Wait, but "during his first term" comes after the phrase you referenced. Thus, the "which" modifying phrase is incorrectly modifying the "term". Does that help?

It does. Thanks, Jamie.

[RonPurewal]

glad it helped