comma Verb-ed VS comma Verb-ing modifiers

[MeiyiL791]

Can somebody tell me the diference between these two things? Thanks a lot.
1.Whether they modify a noun or the whole previous clause? If they modify a noun how to find the noun?
2.What's the difference between these two modifiers?

[RonPurewal]

for comma + __ing, read here:
https://www.manhattanprep.com/gmat/foru ... ml#p102559

[RonPurewal]

more generally, remember that this is a GMAT forum. so, your question should be tied to some GMAT-related problem (which should be cited explicitly).
this is especially important for __ed modifiers, which are rather flexible. so, please post question(s) about those in the context of specific problems.

thanks.