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[metallicfacez]

The extensive research into chimpanzee intelligence has led to studying the laughter-like vocalizations emitted by chimpanzees, challenging the long-accepted belief held by figures such as Aristotle that laughing is uniquely human.

A. Same
B. the study of the laughter-like vocalizations emitted by chimpanzees, which challenges the long-accepted belief held by such figures as Aristotle that their laughing
C. the study of the chimpanzee's laughter-like vocalizations, which challenges the long-accepted belief held by such figures as Aristotle that laughter
D. the laughter-like vocalizations emitted by chimpanzees, which were challenging the long-accepted belief held by such figures as Aristotle that to laugh
E. the laughter-like vocalizations, emitted by chimpanzees

OA is C, please help me understand:
1) why is A incorrect
2) I crossed out C because the of the "touch" rule (...chimpanzees, which challenges... appears to be illogical, since chimpanzees are not challenging the long term belief; the "study" is)

[jnelson0612]

The extensive research into chimpanzee intelligence has led to studying the laughter-like vocalizations emitted by chimpanzees, challenging the long-accepted belief held by figures such as Aristotle that laughing is uniquely human.

A. Same
B. the study of the laughter-like vocalizations emitted by chimpanzees, which challenges the long-accepted belief held by such figures as Aristotle that their laughing
C. the study of the chimpanzee's laughter-like vocalizations, which challenges the long-accepted belief held by such figures as Aristotle that laughter
D. the laughter-like vocalizations emitted by chimpanzees, which were challenging the long-accepted belief held by such figures as Aristotle that to laugh
E. the laughter-like vocalizations, emitted by chimpanzees

OA is C, please help me understand:
1) why is A incorrect
2) I crossed out C because the of the "touch" rule (...chimpanzees, which challenges... appears to be illogical, since chimpanzees are not challenging the long term belief; the "study" is)

1) I don't like:
a) The extensive experience has led to studying
To me, the form here is X has led to Y, thus let's use the same part of speech for both words: The experience has led to the study
b) It's redundant to say "vocalizations emitted"--if they are vocalizations, then they are emitted. "emitted" is unnecessary.
c) I don't like "challenging" either, but I'm struggling to explain why. I really don't think the right answer uses the word "challenges" correctly either, but we'll leave that alone for now.

2) Check out Ben's post about exceptions to the which rule in this thread: sentence-correction-chapter-7-problem-set-question-5-t8151.html